System for Self-Aligned Contacts

ABSTRACT

A system for forming self-aligned contacts includes electroplating a first metal contact onto a Group III-V semiconductor substrate, the first metal contact having a greater height than width and having a straight sidewall profile, etching back the semiconductor substrate down to a base layer to expose an emitter semiconductor layer under the first metal contact, conformally depositing a dielectric layer on a vertical side of the first metal contact, a vertical side of the emitter semiconductor layer and on the base layer, anisotropically etching the dielectric layer off of the semiconductor substrate to form a dielectric sidewall spacer on the vertical side of the first metal contact and providing a second metal contact immediately adjacent the dielectric sidewall spacer.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support, promoted by the DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Microsystems Technology Office(MTO), under contract N6601-02-C-8080 issued by the U.S. Department ofthe Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) to TeledyneScientific & Imaging, LLC (then known as Rockwell Scientific Company,LLC). The Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to semiconductor processing, and more particularlyto formation of contacts in compound semiconductor devices.

2. Description of the Related Art

Group III-V semiconductor devices such as diodes, heterojunction bipolartransistors (HBTs) and HEMTs require accurate lithographic registrationof outer and inner contacts edges during their fabrication. To maintaingood Ohmic contact resistance, registration must be approximately 20% ofthe contact width. As state-of-the art Group III-V processes aredeveloped that allow sub-200 nm features, such lithographic registrationaccuracies become more difficult.

A need continues to exist to improve dimension registration of outer andinner contact edges in Group III-V semiconductor devices as theirfeatures become smaller.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A system of forming self-aligned contacts in a Group III-V semiconductorsubstrates is disclosed. The system includes electroplating a firstmetal contact onto a Group III-V semiconductor substrate, the firstmetal contact having a greater height than width and having a straightsidewall profile, etching back the semiconductor substrate down to abase layer to expose an emitter semiconductor layer under the firstmetal contact; and conformally depositing a dielectric layer on avertical side of the first metal contact, the emitter semiconductorlayer and the semiconductor substrate, anisotropically etching thedielectric off of the semiconductor substrate to form a dielectricsidewall spacer on the vertical side of the first metal contact andproviding a second metal contact on the semiconductor substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principals of the invention.Like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout thedifferent views.

FIGS. 1-8 are cross sectional views illustrating interim structures madeduring fabrication of a first metal contact having dielectric sidewalls;

FIGS. 7 and 8 are cross-sectional views illustrating interim structuresmade during fabrication of dielectric sidewalls on a first metal contactused to accurately index the near edge of a second metal contact todefine a self-aligned second metal contact;

FIGS. 9 and 10 are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment ofinterim structures made to fabricate the self-aligned second metalcontact;

FIGS. 11-17 are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment ofinterim structures made to fabricate a doubly self-aligned second metalcontact after creation of the first metal contact and its sidewalls, asfirst illustrated in FIGS. 1-8;

FIG. 18 is an overhead plan view of the first metal contact andself-aligned second metal contact first illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10;and

FIG. 19 is an overhead plan view of the first metal contact and doublyself-aligned metal contact illustrated in FIG. 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A system is disclosed that allows for the complete (inner and outeredges) self-alignment of one contact with respect to a second contactfor use with Group III-V devices such as HBTs, HEMTs and diodes withoutthe need for lithographic registration to define the perimeter of thesecond contact. FIGS. 1-8 are cross-sectional views illustrating interimstructures made during fabrication of a first metal contact havingdielectric sidewalls, preferably an emitter contact having dielectricsidewalls, for use in one embodiment of a system to form eitherself-aligned or doubly self-aligned metal contacts. It is understoodthat a “doubly self-aligned” contact refers to second contact that hasits near and far edge locations indexed to the nearest edge of a firstmetal contact, rather than depending on use of lithographic registrationto determine the near and far edge locations. A “self-aligned” contactrefers to a second metal contact that has only its near edge locationindexed to the nearest edge of a first metal contact, rather thandepending on use of lithographic registration to determine the near edgelocation.

In FIG. 1, an electroplating base 100 is deposited on a firstsemiconductor layer that is preferably an emitter semiconductor layer102, by electron beam evaporation or by other sputtering methods. Theemitter semiconductor layer 102 is on a base layer 104 of the substratethat is a Group III-V semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, theelectroplating base 100 consists of a titanium (Ti) contacting layer onthe emitter semiconductor layer 102, a TiW (a Titanium Tungsten alloy)barrier layer on the Ti contacting layer and a final gold (Au) layer forplating adhesion (not shown). Or, a Au layer may be formed using otherseed layers that provide for good adhesion of the electroplating base100 to the semiconductor layer 102. In FIG. 2, photoresist 200 ispreferably spin-coated and patterned on the electroplating base 100 toform an emitter contact opening 202, with the emitter contact opening202 having a straight side wall profile and with a contact openingheight (H_(Photo)) greater than its width (W₁) to establish a highaspect ratio for the emitter contact opening 202, preferably greaterthan 2. In FIG. 3, a first metal contact, preferably emitter contact 300is formed in the emitter contact opening 202, preferably by anelectroplating process, to enable a straight sidewall profile for theemitter contact 300. An Au-based plating solution is preferably used forthe electroplating process described above, although other metals may begrown for the first metal contact with a suitable change to theelectroplating base 100, such as copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al). FIG. 4illustrates the straight sidewalls 400 of the emitter contact 300 afterthe photoresist 200 (see FIG. 3) has been stripped down, preferably tothe electroplating base 100. In an alternative embodiment, thephotoresist 200 is stripped away the straight sidewalls 400 of theemitter contact 300 and for a distance away from the straight sidewalls400 to provide spacing for an insulating dielectric layer to bedeposited over the emitter contact 300 in future processing steps (seeFIG. 7). FIG. 5 illustrates the electroplating base 100 substantiallyremoved from the emitter semiconductor layer 102 but for the portionunder the emitter contact 300, such as with a reactive ion etchingprocess. If Au, Ti and TiW layers are used for the electroplating base100 as described above, a wet chemical-based etch may be to remove firstthe Au-layer, and a reactive ion etch process to remove the Ti and TiWlayers (not shown), although any combination of reactive ion and wetchemical-based etch processes may be used to substantially remove theelectroplating base 100. FIG. 6 illustrates the etch continued downthrough the emitter semiconductor layer 102 and to the base layer 104,preferably using a wet chemical etch process to result in a slightundercut in the plating base 100 and emitter semiconductor layer 102portions under the first metal contact 300. Or a reactive ion etchprocess or some combination of both reactive ion etch and wet chemicaletch may be used to etch through the emitter semiconductor layer 102.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate dielectric sidewalls formed on the emittercontact during its fabrication that provide an indexing width toaccurately index the near edge of a second metal contact, such as a basecontact. An insulating dielectric layer 700 is conformally deposited ontop and side wall portions 400 of the emitter contact 300, as well as onexposed vertical surfaces of the electroplating base 100 and emittersemiconductor layer 102 under the first metal contact 300, preferablyusing a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system (PECVD). Theinsulating dielectric layer 700 is preferably silicon nitride(Si_(x)N_(y)), or may be formed from a silicon oxide (SiO) film. Theinsulating dielectric layer 700 and emitter contact 300 are thensubjected to an anisotropic etch to form dielectric side wall spacers800, exposing a top surface 805 of the emitter contact 300 andpreferably again exposing the base layer 104.

FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate one embodiment of interim structures made tofabricate a single self-aligned second metal contact, such as a basecontact, located adjacent the emitter contact 300 after creation of theemitter contact and its sidewalls illustrated in FIGS. 1-8. In FIG. 9,photoresist 900 is illustrated on the base layer 104 of the substratewith base contact openings 902 created through the photoresist on eitherside of dielectric side wall spacers 800 of the first emitter contact300. The photoresist 900 and base contact openings 902 are preferablycreated through a spin-coating and patterning process. Metal isdeposited in the base contact openings 902 to form second metalcontacts, preferably base contacts 1000 (see FIG. 10), using an e-beamevaporation process that also deposits a layer of metal 1006 on top ofthe emitter contact 300 as a byproduct of the process. In a preferredembodiment, the layer of metal 1006 is removed to expose the top surface805 of the emitter contact 300, however, the layer of metal 1006 neednot be removed in one alternative embodiment. The photoresist 900 isthen stripped to complete formation of the base contact 1000 that has anear edge 1002 self-aligned with the nearest edge 1004 of the emittercontact 300. The dielectric sidewall spacer insulates the emitter andbase contacts (300, 1000) from each other preventing a short circuit.The straight sidewall profile of the emitter and directional nature ofthe evaporation process prevent base metal coverage on the sidewalls ofthe emitter that may cause a short circuit.

FIGS. 11-17 are cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment ofinterim structures made to fabricate a doubly self-aligned second metalcontact located adjacent the first contact 300, after creation of theemitter contact 300 and its dielectric sidewalls as illustrated in FIGS.1-8. Instead of creation of base contact openings 902 in photoresist 900as illustrated in FIG. 9, FIG. 11 illustrates an alternative first stepof a plating base layer 1100 deposited on the base layer 600. Theplating base layer 1100 is formed with contacting metal that may be aplatinum group metal, or titanium or a refractory metal such asTungsten, or Molybdenum. The layer may be a combination of these metalsto achieve certain characteristics such as low Ohmic contact resistanceor good thermal stability. The topmost layer of the plating base mayalso include a thin Au layer to improve adhesion of a electroplated basecontact. Or, in an alternative embodiment, the plating base layer 1100is omitted. In FIG. 12, a dielectric blanket layer 1200 is illustrateddeposited over the dielectric side wall spacers 800 and plating layer1100 (FIG. 12) using photoresist or a spin-on dielectric such asBenzocyclobutene (BCB). As described above, in one alternativeembodiment, the plating base layer 1100 is omitted, and the dielectricblanket layer 1200 may be a reduced-thickness variant of the photoresist900 first illustrated in FIG. 9, without patterning of the base contactopening 902. In FIG. 13, a planarizing layer 1300 preferably formed ofphotoresist is formed on the dielectric blanket layer 1200 and thefabrication process continues in FIG. 14 as the planarizing layer 1300is etched back to expose the top of the dielectric blanket layer 1200previously formed on the emitter contact 300. With the dielectricblanket layer 1200 now exposed, FIG. 15 illustrates the dielectricblanket layer 1200 after exposure to an etching process that selectivelyetches the material of the dielectric blanket layer 1200 at a higherrate than the material of the planarization layer 1300 to clear out aportion of the blanket dielectric layer 1200 between the dielectric sidewall spacers 800 and planarization layer 1300. The portion of thedielectric blanket layer material 1200 under the planarization layer1300 is left substantially intact in order to form a second metalcontact opening 1500. Etching preferably stops at the plating base layer1100, or the plating base layer 1100 may be removed in said second metalcontact opening 1500 to expose the base layer 104 and a second metalcontact seed layer (not shown) provided on the base layer. In FIG. 16,the second contact, preferably base contact 1600, is formed using anelectroplating process that selectively deposits metal material in thebase contact opening 1500 (See FIG. 15). The planarization material 1300illustrated in FIG. 15 is stripped to expose the remaining portion ofthe dielectric blanket layer 1200 illustrated in FIG. 16. In FIG. 17,the dielectric blanket layer 1200 is removed to expose side portions ofthe base contact 1600 and an upper surface of the base layer 104.Through this fabrication process, the base contact 1600 has a near edge1700 that is self-aligned with the nearest edge 1702 of the emittercontact 300 and has a far edge 1704 that is also self-aligned with thenearest edge 1702 of the emitter contact 300 to establish a doublyself-aligned base contact 1600.

In one semiconductor device having doubly-self aligned contacts, thevarious elements of the device would have the approximate thicknessesand widths listed in Table 1.

Height Width (nm) (nm) Electroplating base 100 50 NA Emittersemiconductor layer 102 80 NA Photoresist 200 800 NA First emittercontact 300 500-600 100 Dielectric side wall spacers 800 500-600 0.5-1.5Photoresist 900 1000 NA Second metal contact 1000 80 100 Dielectricblanket layer 1200 200 NA Planarization layer 1300 2000 NA

FIG. 18 is an overhead plan view of the first and second metal contactsfirst illustrated in FIG. 10. Base contact 1000 is on the base layer 104and preferably extends around a periphery of the emitter contact 300. Asillustrated, the layer of metal 1006 sits atop the emitter contact 300that is generally rectangular in cross section. The emitter contact 300is spaced apart from the insulating dielectric layer (covered by thelayer of metal 1006). Although illustrated as generally rectangular, theemitter contact 300 may be square or form other cross sections. The nearedge 1002 of the base contact 1000 is self-aligned with the nearest edge1004 of the emitter contact 300 through the fabrication process of theemitter and base contacts (300, 1000).

FIG. 19 is an overhead plan view of the first and second metal contactsfirst illustrated in FIG. 17. The emitter contact 300 is spaced apartfrom the base contact 1600 by the dielectric side wall spacers 800. Thenearest and far edges (1700, 1704) of the base contact 1600 areself-aligned to the nearest edge 1702 of the emitter contact 300 throughthe fabrication process illustrated in FIGS. 11-17 to establish a doublyself-aligned metal contact. Similar to the emitter contact 300 describedfor FIG. 18, the emitter contact 300 may be square or form other crosssections.

Although reference is made to an emitter contact and base contacts andstructures of a HBT, the contacts and structures may be made toaccomplish other semiconductor devices. For example, first and secondmetal contacts may be used as gate, source and drain contacts for a FETwith suitable modification of the semiconductor layers.

1. A method of forming self-aligned contacts, comprising: electroplating a first metal contact onto a Group III-V semiconductor substrate, said first metal contact having a greater height than width and having a straight sidewall profile; etching back said semiconductor substrate down to a base layer to expose an emitter semiconductor layer under said first metal contact; conformally depositing a dielectric layer on a vertical side of said first metal contact, a vertical side of said emitter semiconductor layer and on said base layer; anisotropically etching said dielectric layer off of said semiconductor substrate to form a dielectric sidewall spacer on said vertical side of said first metal contact; and providing a second metal contact immediately adjacent said dielectric sidewall spacer.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a dielectric blanket layer on said dielectric sidewall spacer prior to said depositing a second metal contact; depositing a planarizing layer on said dielectric blanket layer; and selectively etching said dielectric blanket layer to form a second contact opening to receive said second metal contact; wherein the thickness of said dielectric blanket layer determines the width of the second metal contact, with the second contact having inner and outer edges that are self aligned with the first contact.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising planarizing said dielectric blanket layer and said planarizing layer to expose a top surface of said first metal contact.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said selectively etching said dielectric blanket layer comprises selectively etching said dielectric blanket layer at a faster rate than etching of said dielectric sidewall spacer.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: etching said substrate down to a plating base layer to expose an emitter layer prior to said conformally depositing said dielectric sidewall spacer
 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: etching said substrate down to a base layer to expose an emitter layer prior to said conformally depositing said dielectric sidewall spacer.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising depositing a second metal contact seed layer on said base layer prior to depositing said dielectric blanket layer.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said providing a second metal contact in said second contact opening comprises electroplating said second metal contact on said second metal contact seed layer.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said electroplating a first metal contact onto a substrate further comprises evaporating a base metal onto said substrate and then electroplating a second metal on said base metal.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a mask layer to said substrate, the mask layer having a greater height than width and a submicron width opening exposing a portion of said substrate and substantially planar sidewalls that are substantially perpendicular to said substrate, said electroplating the first metal contact comprising electroplating in said submicron width opening on said substrate.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: stripping said mask layer; and etching said substrate down to a base layer.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: stripping said planarizing layer; etching a mesa to expose a collector layer in said substrate; providing a collector contact on said collector layer; wherein a heterojuntion bipoloar transistor is established between the collector contact and first and second metal contacts, with inner and out edges of said second contact self-aligned with an adjacent edge of said first contact.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: patterning a base contact opening using photoresist to receive said second metal contact; evaporating metal into said base contact opening to form said second metal contact; and stripping said photoresist; wherein said dielectric sidewall spacer provides insulation between said first and second metal contacts.
 14. A method of forming doubly self-aligned semiconductor contacts, comprising: depositing a first metal contact onto a Group 111-V semiconductor substrate; depositing a dielectric sidewall spacer on a vertical side of said first metal contact; depositing a dielectric blanket layer on a side of said dielectric sidewall spacer opposite from said first metal contact; depositing a planarizing layer on said dielectric blanket layer; removing a portion of said planarizing layer to expose a portion of said dielectric blanket layer; etching said portion of said dielectric blanket layer to form a second contact opening bounded by said dielectric sidewall spacer and said planarizing layer; and providing a second metal contact in said second contact opening.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said providing a second metal contact comprises electroplating a second metal contact.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: evaporating a base contact on a substrate prior to said depositing said dielectric blanket layer.
 17. An apparatus, comprising: a first metal contact on a substrate; a first dielectric sidewall spacer on vertical sides of said first metal contact; a second dielectric sidewall layer on vertical sides of said first dielectric spacer and on said substrate, said second dielectric sidewall layer having a greater etching speed than said first dielectric sidewall spacer; a planarization layer on said second dielectric sidewall layer; wherein said second dielectric sidewall layer is configured to etch at a faster rate than said first dielectric sidewall spacer.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: a base layer formed in said substrate; and an emitter layer on said base layer.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising: a plating base layer between said said emitter layer and said first metal contact.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: a plating base layer on said substrate. 